11.4 Epistemic Institutions, Market-Based Social Media Platforms, and Combating Propaganda

Effectively countering political propaganda, especially propaganda infused with fake news and hate speech, is a complex task. Identifying what constitutes propaganda is inherently problematic, particularly when non-ideological content is implied or permeated by ideology. Moreover, prohibiting all forms of propaganda, fake news, or even hate speech would conflict with the liberal democratic valu...