16.1. Introduction

In most public key infrastructure (PKI) schemes for applications such as cryptographic currencies, financial transactions, secure mail, and wireless communications, the public keys are generated by private keys using Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). These private keys are natural numbers, typically 3000-bit long for RSA and 256-bits long for ECC. For example, i...